|
(詳細はphilosophy of mind, dualism is the position that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical,〔Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", in ''A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind'', ed. Samuel Guttenplan, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 265-7.〕 or that the mind and body are not identical. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, and between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.〔〔 Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple souls and further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement, corresponding to the distinctive functions of plants, animals and people: a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism, that all three share; a perceptive soul of pain, pleasure and desire, that only people and other animals share; and the faculty of reason, that is unique to people only. In this view, a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. Thus, for Aristotle, all three souls perish when the living organism dies.〔〔Aristotle (c. mid 4th century BC) ''Metaphysics (Metaphysica)'', ed. W.D. Ross, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924, 2 vols; Books IV-VI, trans. C.A. Kirwan, Clarendon Aristotle Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971; Books VII-VIII trans. D. Bostock, Clarendon Aristotle Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994; Books XIII-XIV trans. J. Annas, Clarendon Aristotle Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.〕 For Plato however, the soul was not dependent on the physical body; he believed in metempsychosis, the migration of the soul to a new physical body.〔Plato (390s-347 BC) ''Platonis Opera'', vol. 1, ''Euthyphro, Apologia Socratis, Crito, Phaedo, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophistes, Politicus'', ed. E.A. Duke, W.F. Hicken, W.S.M. Nicoll, D.B. Robinson and J.C.G. Strachan, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.〕 Dualism is closely associated with the thought of René Descartes (1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical--and therefore, non-spatial--substance. Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the seat of intelligence.〔Robinson, Howard, "Dualism", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2003 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/dualism/.〕 Hence, he was the first to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today.〔Descartes, R. (1641) ''Meditations on First Philosophy'', in ''The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes'', trans. by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, vol. 2, pp. 1-62.〕 Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism. Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense. ==Types of mind–body dualism== Ontological dualism makes dual commitments about the nature of existence as it relates to mind and matter, and can be divided into three different types: # ''Substance dualism'' asserts that mind and matter are fundamentally distinct kinds of foundations.〔 # ''Property dualism'' suggests that the ontological distinction lies in the differences between properties of mind and matter (as in emergentism).〔 # ''Predicate dualism'' claims the irreducibility of mental predicates to physical predicates.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dualism (philosophy of mind)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|